ࡱ>      Y :bjbjWW %0==]8LP  t.<>>>={$ "  d  <<p:|< $`տNR2  The Engineering Analysis Core Model A plain mans guide AuthorDavid LealDate17th December 1999Version5.0CirculationDerek Pashley, Chris Vaughan, Steve Chilcott The production of this document was funded by Rolls-Royce plc as a contribution to tasks 3.46 Engineering Analysis and 3.47 Application Module Development within the PDES, Inc. Work Program. Objectives This document is aimed at technical managers concerned with the specification of computer systems within engineering design and analysis. It explains the business benefits that come from using the Engineering Analysis Core Model (EACM) to define the architecture of systems for engineering analysis information, and the interfaces between them. The EACM is concerned with management issues, including: the versioning and configuration management of engineering analysis data; the archiving and exchange of engineering analysis data; and the audit trail links between engineering analysis data and the processes that create them. The EACM is also concerned with technical issues, including: the storage of the definition of an engineering problem as well as the details of a particular approach to its solution; the transfer of information between different disciplines (e.g. structural, CFD, thermal) and between different representations (e.g. different meshes - structured and unstructured, h-refinement and p-refinement); and the use of test data in analysis. Summary The EACM is an emerging ISO standard that is part of the STEP (ISO 10303) suite. The development of STEP is controlled by big engineering end users, such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, BAe, RR, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler, Siemens, Shell Petroleum, to produce definitions of software interfaces that can be specified in procurement from software suppliers - we want you to adopt this standard so that we can put your software packages together into one big system. The EACM is an information model, from which can be derived: the way in which engineering analysis and test information is stored; and the way in which engineering analysis and test information is exchanged between systems. At present, the different software vendors specify formats for engineering information that are specific to their own systems, and that have a scope limited to their own niche markets. Hence: analysis systems vendors have formats suitable for their own disciplines, but these formats do not encompass product data management information that indicates what has been analysed and why, and these formats are not able to transfer information between all the systems involved in a multi-disciplinary analysis; Product Data Management (PDM) system vendors have formats suitable for tracking product versions, but these formats do not encompass product idealisations for analysis or versions of loadings and operating scenarios; Work Flow Management (WFM) system vendors have formats suitable for tracking project progress, but these formats do not encompass the audit trails that link each item of engineering information back to a design decision, an analysis calculation or a test result. Software vendors are continually expanding the scope of their applications in order to support as much of the engineering process as possible. However to an engineering design and manufacturing company, a single vendor solution is not an alternative to an open systems approach in which the information created by each application has a standard format. Engineering information is a principal asset, and the open systems approach enables the engineering company to take control of the information and use it as it wishes. Cost and time improvements are gained if: the information required to support an engineering investigation is available without delay, thereby shortening design cycle times; it can be proved that information used is for the correct version of the product or usage scenario, and of the appropriate quality, thereby smoothing the auditing and certification processes; and information can be exchanged without delay, degradation or ambiguity with partner companies (such as between engine and airframe manufacturers), thereby enabling efficient collaborative working. Findings Involvement with the EACM will enable an engineering design and manufacturing company to work with its software suppliers in the specification of integrated open systems, that are delivered early to get the business advantage. The schedule for EACM development is as follows: April 2000: The complete draft of the EACM will be issued for ISO Committee Draft (CD) ballot. 4th quarter 2000: The comments on the EACM made by national standards bodies (in practice the industrial end users working through their national standards bodies) will be resolved. It will then become an ISO technical specification (a fast track approach to standardisation) or a full ISO standard (which takes longer). These developments will establish the technical basis for pilot implementations of the EACM, which can be expanded into production systems. Abbreviations AP: Application Protocol (The definition of the exchange format for a particular application. The EACM is not an AP, because it can support many different applications.) AP 203: AP for Configuration controlled design, which includes product structure and product shape AP 209: AP for Composite and metallic structural analysis and related design, which includes FE analysis of structures ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials BPA: Best Practice Advice BS: British Standard CD: Committee Draft (the first presentation of the technical content of an ISO standard) CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics CGNS: CFD Generalised Notation System (an existing standard for CFD data developed by NASA and Boeing-St Louis) DTnurbs: David Taylor non uniform rational B-spline (a standard for the description of property variation within volumes and over surfaces developed by the US Navy and Boeing-Seattle) EACM: Engineering Analysis Core Model FE: Finite Elements (a numerical simulation technique) IDEF0: ICAM (Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing) DEFinition 0 (a function modelling language) PDM: Product Data Management STEP: STandard for the Exchange of Product data (the ISO 10303 suite of standards) TS: Technical Specification (the deliverable of the ISO fast track standardisation approach) WFM: Work Flow Management XML: eXtensible Markup Language (This is a generic approach for the encoding of any information as a text file, developed for use in conjunction with the WWW. It is being adopted as an exchange format for STEP.) Projects and organisations AeroSTEP: the consortium of Boeing, and the engine supplies RR, P&W and GE, that uses AP 203 for the exchange of engine design data EPISTLE: the European Process Industry STEP Technical Liaison Executive that coordinates the adoption of STEP and related technologies within the petrochemical, offshore and energy industries - http://www.stepcom.ncl.ac.uk GEM: ESPRIT project 8894 (Generic Engineering Model) which proved the technical feasibility of the EACM - http://www.bouw.tno.nl/about_us/organization/mit/bi/projects/gem/gem.html ISO TC184/SC4: the ISO Committee for Industrial Automation Systems and Integration, which is developing STEP - http://www.tc184-sc4.org INTEREST: ESPRIT project 25584 (Integrated Environment for durability and Reliability design Support Tools) which has extended the work of the GEM project to encompass WFM and BPA - http://www.dig.bris.ac.uk/interest/ NAFEMS: the International Association for the Engineering Analysis Community. The NAFEMS CAD/FE working group originated the EACM concept. NAFEMS has liaison status with ISO TC184/SC4 and a Memorandum of Understanding with PDES, Inc. for joint work on the promotion of STEP for engineering analysis - http://www.nafems.org PDES, Inc.: the US based international consortium concerned with the development and implementation of STEP - http://pdesinc.aticorp.org/index.html PLCS: the Product Life Cycle Support project concerned with information about the configuration, maintenance and availability of products in the field - http://www.plcsinc.com POSC/CAESAR: the Norwegian based international consortium promoting the use of the STEP companion standard ISO 15926 in the offshore industry - http://www.posccaesar.com ProSTEP: the German based international consortium concerned with the development and implementation of STEP - http://www.prostep.darmstadt.gmd.de/ps_e_welcome.htm Table of contents  TOC \o "1-3" 1. Introduction  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184447  PAGEREF _Toc470184447 6 1.1 Background  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184448  PAGEREF _Toc470184448 6 1.2 What is the EACM  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184449  PAGEREF _Toc470184449 6 2. Engineering analysis and Product Data Management  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184450  PAGEREF _Toc470184450 7 2.1 The importance of PDM  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184451  PAGEREF _Toc470184451 7 2.2 PDM in engineering analysis  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184452  PAGEREF _Toc470184452 8 2.3 Versions of products, activities and states  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184453  PAGEREF _Toc470184453 9 2.4 Assembly structures for products, activities and states  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184454  PAGEREF _Toc470184454 10 3. Engineering analysis and Work Flow Management  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184455  PAGEREF _Toc470184455 12 3.1 Design, analysis and testing processes  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184456  PAGEREF _Toc470184456 12 3.2 Processes that handle information  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184457  PAGEREF _Toc470184457 12 3.3 The specification of processes  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184458  PAGEREF _Toc470184458 14 3.4 Analysis process specification and Best Practice Advice  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184459  PAGEREF _Toc470184459 16 3.5 Exchange processes and information  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184460  PAGEREF _Toc470184460 18 4. Variation of a property in space and time  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184461  PAGEREF _Toc470184461 19 4.1 Properties and their description  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184462  PAGEREF _Toc470184462 19 4.2 A unified approach to property description  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184463  PAGEREF _Toc470184463 21 4.3 Parameterisation of products and activities  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184464  PAGEREF _Toc470184464 22 5. The delivery of the EACM and its implementation  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184465  PAGEREF _Toc470184465 25 5.1 Time scale  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184466  PAGEREF _Toc470184466 25 5.2 Parallel Projects  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184467  PAGEREF _Toc470184467 25 5.3 Uptake of the EACM  GOTOBUTTON _Toc470184468  PAGEREF _Toc470184468 26 A. GloSSARY 27 Introduction Background The first release of the STEP standard (ISO 10303) has now been in production since 1994. For most engineering companies the important part of this release, AP (Application Protocol) 203, is concerned with the exchange of geometry information. AP 203 is in day to day use for exchanges between Boeing and its engine suppliers, and between motor car builders and their component suppliers. The next release in 2000 will contain AP 209 for the exchange of finite element analysis data. The use of this standard will make it irrelevant to an engine supplier such as Rolls-Royce whether Boeing uses NASTRAN or CATIA-ELFINI for structural analysis. AP 209 has comprehensive finite element data validation, so that a valid AP 209 file is almost certainly analysable by the receiving system. The use of AP 209 should make we cannot understand your FE data problems very rare. The scope of AP 209 covers all FE data including results, but only for linear elastic analyses in its first edition. PDES, Inc. have set up an AP 209 pilot involving Boeing, Lockheed Martin (aircraft), Lockheed Martin-Electric Boat (submarines), NASA, NIST, MSC and SDRC-FEMAP, with participation from Dassault Systems and PTC being negotiated. This pilot will be similar to the AeroSTEP project between Boeing, Rolls-Royce, P&W and GE which pioneered the use of AP 203. Both AP 203 and AP 209 are useful but limited - they enable us to do better what we were doing before. The next stage is to manage all our engineering information as a whole to support improved business practices. The initiative to do this was taken by PDES, Inc. through its leadership of the ISO STEP modularisation project, which is bringing all the APs together so that they can be combined as needed to support any business activity. The EACM is a key part of the STEP modularisation project. The scope of the modularisation project is being validated against the STEP/SC4 Industrial Data Framework developed by Chris Vaughan, which can be found on http://wg10step.aticorp.org/Deliverables/Framework/SSID. What is the EACM The concept of the EACM was proposed by the NAFEMS CAD/FE Working Group more than ten years ago. Two prior steps were necessary to bring this to fruition: the GEM project: This was an ESPRIT project managed by NAFEMS that demonstrated the technical feasibility of the EACM. The two pilot implementations were: the management of information for a combined radiative, thermal and structural analysis of a satellite optical bench for Dornier; and the management of information for a combined moulding, CFD, thermal and structural analysis of a fog lamp housing for FIAT. the success of STEP version 1: PDES, Inc. took the initiative to build on the success of STEP version 1 by extending the scope of standardisation from file exchange between software packages to the management of enterprise information as a whole. This has created a framework of standards that can contain the EACM. The EACM has three key aspects: the management of engineering analysis information alongside all other information concerned with the design of a product (discussed in section  REF _Ref470182720 \n 2); the linking of all engineering information to the activity that created it, whether a design decision, analysis calculation or test (discussed in section  REF _Ref470182765 \n 3); and the holding of information about the properties of a product, including fields that vary with respect to space and time, in a form that can be used by any system for any calculation (discussed in section  REF _Ref470182825 \n 4). These three aspects taken together mean that the EACM is a bridge between three different worlds: CAD and PDM, where systems for managing the design process have developed from Drawing Office Registries; the workflow and project management, where concerns range from time sheets at one end to the auditing of a certification process at the other; leading edge analyses, with problems such as the transfer of information from a finite difference CFD code to a p-refinement structural code. The EACM also brings materials data into scope. Materials data has versions, it contains predictions of various qualities, and is created by testing and data reduction activities - just like all other engineering analysis or product data. The architecture of the EACM is illustrated in  REF _Ref467988519 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 1.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Architecture of the EACM The EACM consists of modules that provide capabilities as follows: the data management of information about a product, its environment and its usage scenarios (This capability is provided by interfaces to the PDM modules developed by PDES, Inc..); the definition of the properties of a product - as they exist for a particular state of the product, and as they vary during a particular usage of the product; audit trails for the source of property information, and indicators for the quality of property information; a range of mathematical techniques for the description of properties that are fields varying with respect to position or time - these include descriptions with respect to structured and unstructured analysis meshes, and with respect to the parameter spaces used for product geometry. These modules will be delivered as an ISO CD in April 2000. The next three sections of this document describe each aspect of the EACM in more detail. Finally, (in section  REF _Ref470182963 \n 5), this document describes the time scales for delivery of the EACM, and the ways in which software vendors can be involved in its implementation. Engineering analysis and Product Data Management The importance of PDM Historically, Product Data Management (PDM) has been a development of the functions of a Drawing Office Registry. PDM is principally concerned with: the structure of a product, i.e. its decomposition into component products; the sequence of versions of a component product; the coordination between versions of an assembly and versions of its components. A single product can have different structures for different purposes. The design, analysis, manufacturing and maintenance processes may each use a different decomposition. Each version of a product has design information, which includes materials, shape, tolerances, surface finish and the definition of the production process. PDM systems have two principal tasks: to provide an index to engineering information, so that we know what information we have and what it is about; and to track dependencies between engineering information, so we know how design changes propagate and when information becomes invalid. At one time PDM was purely an internal matter for an engineering company, and it was possible to muddle along. Today the exchange of information, as in the AeroSTEP project, makes PDM visible: the receiving company must be told what information has been sent, and about what version; the sending company must remember what information has been sent, and have procedures in place to notify relevant design changes. Until now routine information exchange has involved only geometry and product structure using STEP AP 203, but STEP AP 209 will make the exchange of FE analysis data equally routine. The long term archiving of analysis data used for certification also makes PDM important. Without PDM, in twenty years time will it be possible to work out from a NASTRAN results file (say), what was analysed and why? NOTE - There are two problems in archiving: format: will the format of the stored data still be understood. This problem is largely addressed by AP 203 and AP 209, which are formats managed by ISO and with publicly available documentation. The need to access archived data in this format will be common to many sectors of engineering and will be met by software suppliers. semantics: will the purpose of the analysis still be understood. The information about the nature of the scenario that was considered, and the assumptions made about it, is not usually within an analysis data file. A standard format for this information will be supported by the EACM. PDM in engineering analysis Engineering analysis is not only concerned with the product, but also the use and environment of the product. Hence there are three key concepts of equal importance to engineering analysis: product: which is something that is manufactured and has a lifetime; activity: (also procedure, process or action) which is something that a product does or is involved in during its lifetime; and state: which is how a product is at an instant during its lifetime. The relationships between these three concepts are shown in  REF _Ref467985319 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 2.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2: Product, activity and state This figure shows the relationships between the three concepts as follows: product - state: a product is in many different states during its life. Most information about a product, such as its shape stress distribution or fracture toughness, depends upon its state - as delivered, stopped, running, after 100000 hours, etc.; product - activity: a product undergoes or performs many different activities during its life. There are manufacturing activities, such as forging, machining, heat treating etc., and activities performed in service. A flight profile is a definition of a typical in service activity. activity - state: an activity takes a product from an initial state to a final state through a sequence of intermediate states. The purpose of an analysis can be to find out how a property changes during such a sequence of states. A change to the design or specification for a state or activity is as important to engineering analysis as a change to the design or specification of a product. The remainder of this section shows how the EACM applies PDM techniques to each of these three concepts. Versions of products, activities and states The EACM, used in conjunction with the PDM modules, specifies how information can be held about versions of activities and states, as well as products. EXAMPLE - Consider a simple version tree for a product, as shown in  REF _Ref467917504 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 3.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: A product version tree The figure shows a family of designs for an engineering product ABC - which can be anything from a nut to a whole aeroplane. There are two basic versions of the product ABC/1 and ABC/2, and we can record that ABC/2 supersedes ABC/1. ABC/2 has two further versions ABC/2/arctic and ABC/2/tropical. Here one version does not succeed the other, but instead they are alternatives which can be used in different circumstances. All the information shown in  REF _Ref467917504 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 3 can be held in a PDM system. The PDM system associates design and analysis information at the appropriate level in the tree. Hence, information that is common to all versions is associated with ABC at the top. Analysis results (say) that are equally valid for ABC/2/arctic and ABC/2/tropical are associated with ABC/2 and the next level. There are also version trees for activities and states. EXAMPLE - Consider a simple version tree for an activity, as shown in  REF _Ref467919497 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4: An activity version tree The figure shows a family of shut down procedures for engineering products of type ABC. There are two basic versions of the procedure ssd/1 and ssd/2, and we can record that ssd/2 supersedes ssd/1. The procedure ssd/2 has two further versions ssd/2/loc and ssd/2/lohs. Here one version does not succeed the other, but instead they are alternatives which can be used in different circumstances. The EACM defines how the version information for activities shown in  REF _Ref467919497 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4 is held in a PDM system. The EACM also defines how to record consistency between products and activities, i.e. where this version of the shut down procedure is only valid for that version of the product. A new version of an activity or a state can drive the need for an analysis, just as much as a new version of a product. Consider two scenarios as follows: A new version of the operating state op/2 is defined for part ABC/2. This new version requires a new prediction of creep damage. A new version of the shut down procedure ssd/3 is defined for part ABC/2. This new version requires the recalculation of the thermal transients. Assembly structures for products, activities and states The EACM specifies how a PDM system holds information about assembly/decomposition structures for products, activities and states. EXAMPLE - Consider a simple assembly tree for a product, as shown in  REF _Ref467985379 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 5.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5: A product assembly tree The figure shows a decomposition of part version ABC/1 into components. ABC_X/1 and ABC_Y/1 are sub-assemblies. ABC_Y/1 is further decomposed into ABC_Y1/1 and ABC_Y2/1. If ABC_Y2/1 is replaced by a new version ABC_Y2/2, then we have a new version of the assembly ABC_Y/2 and a new version of the whole part ABC/2. All the information shown in  REF _Ref467985379 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 5 can be held in a PDM system. In practice, changes are grouped so that a new version of the whole can correspond to many changes at lower levels in the decomposition tree. Whether or not a new version requires new analyses, depends upon the nature of the change and engineering judgement. There are also assembly trees for activities and states. EXAMPLE - Consider a simple assembly tree for a state, as shown in  REF _Ref467987526 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 6.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 6: A state assembly tree The figure shows the decomposition of state ABC running into components, or (expressed another way) the dependence of the state running for part type ABC as a whole upon states of components of part type ABC. When part type ABC is running, sub-assembly ABC_X is stopped and sub-assembly ABC_Y is idling. When sub-assembly ABC_Y is idling, component ABC_Y1 is open and component ABC_Y2 is shut. A new version of state ABC_Y idling can be created called ABC_Y idling/2. In this state, component ABC_Y2 is 50% open. State ABC_Y idling/2 is part of a new version of the running state ABC running/2. The EACM defines how the assembly information for states shown in  REF _Ref467987526 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 6 is held in a PDM system. It can be as necessary to track changes to components of a state as to track changes to components of a product. A new analysis of a product for a state may be required by either a change to the version of the product or a change to the version of the state. Engineering analysis and Work Flow Management Design, analysis and testing processes All information used within the engineering design and analysis process has been created by somebody, and it is important to know where it came from. TERMINOLOGY - The terms activity and process are really synonyms, but in this document activity is used to denote what an individual manufactured product does when in use, and process is used to denote what people do when creating or analysing a product design. When we consider manufacturing or testing, the distinction between the terms dissolves. A manufacturing process is something physical that involves an individual manufactured product. A particular part of the process such as a forging step, is as much subject to analysis as a use of the product. A testing process also involves an individual manufactured product - i.e. the test piece. The quality of engineering information depends upon the process that created it. An audit of a design, analysis and assessment process will seek to track each item of information back to the creating process, and hence the records about that process covering: who did it (were they qualified), when, and where; how was it done (was Best Practice Advice for the procedure available and followed). Work Flow Management (WFM) in engineering analysis has two aspects: the recording of processes that have been carried out, along with the information that has been used and created by them; and the specification of types of process, along with the types of information that are used and created by them. The remainder of this section describes each of these aspects of WFM in engineering analysis separately. Processes that handle information The processes involved with information include: requirements analysis: the deeming of property values (usually ranges) that shall be possessed by a design; design: the deeming of property values (usually with tolerances) on the basis of engineering experience and design rules, in order to meet requirements; analysis: the prediction of property values (with an estimate of accuracy) on the basis of deemed design values, and values predicted by previous processes; test data reduction: the prediction of property values (with an estimate of accuracy) on the basis of one or more tests carried out upon individual manufactured products; exchange: the receipt of information from, or the sending of information to, an outside organisation; assessment: the assessment of the adequacy of a design on the basis of predicted property values. The sources of requirements can be a marketing assessment at the top and a need to fit in with other aspect of the design at the bottom. In either case, the audit trail is necessary to ensure that obsolete requirements are not maintained within the design. EXAMPLE - Consider the properties of a state, as shown in  REF _Ref467995543 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 7.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7: Properties of a state The figure shows that part ABC in state op/2 has been deemed to has an operating temperature of 410 degrees Celsius. This is a design decision that has been taken to meet a requirement - perhaps a particular power output. An analysis predicts a power output of 100 MW for state op/2, on the basis of the deemed design properties of the product and state. A number of products of type ABC and are tested in state op/2. The mean power output for the tests is 95 MW. The EACM defines how a WFM system can be used in conjunction with a PDM system to hold all the information in  REF _Ref467995543 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 7. Each property value has a status - deemed value or prediction, a source process, and a quality. Property values that are output from one process, are input to the next. EXAMPLE - Consider the use of the output from part design as input to manufacturing design, as shown in  REF _Ref468001750 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 8. Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 8: Information flowing between design processes The deemed shape for part type ABC is created by the part design process. It is then necessary to design the manufacturing process. The product shape resulting from the manufacturing process can be predicted. It is a requirement that this shape lies within the tolerances specified by the part designer. The specification of processes In the previous section we considered the involvement of information that is used or created by a process. However, many things are involved in a process - not just information. EXAMPLE - Consider a material test, which involves: the test specimen: it is necessary to record the type of specimen, the batch from which is was manufactured, and the nature of the manufacturing and conditioning process; the test machine: the type of test machine influences the reliability of the test results; the person who carried out the test: ultimately his or her laboratory notebooks can be inspected; the air surrounding the test specimen: the temperature and humidity of the air, and other environmental factors, must be controlled and recorded; the test laboratory: the nature of the institution and its quality procedures is a factor influencing the quality that can be assigned to the information obtained; and the results: these are generated by the process, and are passed on to further processes. These involvements are illustrated in  REF _Ref468007658 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 9.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 9: Involvements in a material test A material test is often carried out to a standard (ASTM, ISO or BS). The standard will define (amongst other things): the type of test specimen; the type of test machine; the environmental for the test; and the operating procedure for the test, such as the cross head speed. For an actual material test we record: the specification or type of test; the nature of the test specimen (which should be of the specified type); the nature of the test machine (which should be of the specified type); the test environment (which should be with the range allowed); the actual operating parameters (which should be within the range allowed). The specification of the test says how the test shall be performed, and what shall be recorded, so that it is possible to check that the test has been performed according to the specification. A WFM system can encompass the information about: the types of things that should be involved in a type of process; and the actual things that are actually involved in an actual process. For an engineering design, analysis or test process, information about the things - product, activity or state specifications, analysis results, test specimens and test results - is also held within a PDM system. The EACM defines the relationships between the information about the process and about the product so that WFM and PDM systems can work together, as shown in  REF _Ref468072711 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 10.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 10: Integration of work flow and product data management The navigation system shown in  REF _Ref468072711 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 10 supports queries that span the WFM and PDM systems, such as: what analyses have been carried out on part type ABC; to whom have the stress results for state ABC op/2 been sent. NOTE - Some parts of this capability, especially the link between WFM and PDM, are already present in systems such as Metaphase. Analysis process specification and Best Practice Advice A design and analysis process has information flows in and out. A complex design or analysis process can be regarded as a network of sub-processes with information flows between them. In the past, many companies have created models of their processes to support business process re-engineering. In the past, this has been a paper exercise of limited use to the working engineer. The introduction of WFM and PDM systems changes this and brings the process model into day to day use. Examples of this use are as follows: Standard sequences of processes ensure that each process necessary for the assessment of the integrity of a component is carried out, and that the appropriate information is recorded to support quality assurance. The existence of a process model enables an engineer to record the processes that have been carried out. The engineer can then point to a sub-process and say I did one of them. Progress within a design or analysis process is tracked as each sub-process is complete. The scheduling of the work must be consistent with the information flows within the process model. The details of the design and analysis process depend upon the nature of the part. The use of a formal methodology enables the companys engineering expertise to be recorded: by the detailed specification of the process itself; and by associating Best Practice Advice (BPA) documents with the sub-processes. EXAMPLE - IDEF0 is a widely used notation for specifying activities or processes. Using this notation, the things involved in an activity/process are categorised as: input; output; mechanisms (such as people and tools); and controls (such as procedures). (The difference between an input and a control is fuzzy. Broadly speaking a control specifies how an activity is carried out, and an input is what the activity is carried out upon.) A fragment of an IDEF0 diagram, containing the specification of just a single sub-process within a larger whole, is shown in  REF _Ref468077053 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 11. A complete process model would have down stream sub-processes concerned with the prediction of safety margins and product life, and loops for structural optimisation.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 11: A fragment of an IDEF0 diagram When the sub-process is actually carried out, it is possible to record what the actual inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms were. What actually happened, may or may not, comply exactly with the specification. This is shown in  REF _Ref468077565 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 12.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 12: An actual process according to the IDEF0 specification The EACM defines the way in which a process specification and the record of an actual process are referenced outside the WFM system. Using the EACM, both process specifications and actual processes are linked to product data. Hence it is possible to record that: process type P123 is valid for the assessment of fatigue life in compressor blades; and the process of type P123 carried out by Sid and Dick during November 1999 was for assessment of the fatigue life of compressor blade design ABC_123. The EACM can record dictionaries of types of product and product feature as follows: according to function - e.g. disc, blade, casing, root; according to form - e.g. forged, cast, sheet, fillet radius; and according to material - e.g. AMS 6487 steel, 2014 aluminium. The process models also define a dictionary of process types, such as conduct FE analysis, conduct thermal transient analysis, create FE mesh (a sub-process lower down the tree) or assess fatigue life (an assembly of processes higher up the tree). The matrix between product types and process type is the basis for recording company expertise. An engineer who is carrying out a process of type A, on a component of type B, can find out that: there is a relevant Best Practice Advice document C; and Sid and Dick have already done an analysis like this. The EACM defines the interfaces that bring all this information together as shown in  REF _Ref468082597 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 13.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 13: Process models and Best Practice Advice This use of the EACM is being developed by BMW/Rover for the management of the durability assessment process within the BMW/Rover group and their component suppliers. Exchange processes and information The use of STEP, and other technologies such as XML, makes close collaborative working between different companies practical. This puts new requirements on the systems that manage the information and that keep track of the different copies in different places. EXAMPLE - Consider collaborative working between company A that defines the shape of a part, and company B that carries out an analysis of it. This process creates two records of the same information, as shown in  REF _Ref468091735 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 14.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 14: Exchange of information The original design process creates a master copy (or record) of the information in the database of company A. The exchange process creates a second copy of the information in the database of company B, which is used for the analysis. Company A can record both the design process and the exchange process in its WFM database. Company A then knows that there is a second copy of the shape information for part XYZ at company B. Shape information is used in this example to illustrate the process. The same considerations apply to all the other types of engineering information, such as materials, environment, loading and boundary conditions, that are necessary to defined the analysis. The EACM specifies the way in which: a PDM system stores engineering information, and information about where engineering information is recorded; a WFM system specifies the engineering information, and the records of engineering information that are inputs and outputs to a process. Variation of a property in space and time Properties and their description Engineering design and analysis is concerned with specifying and calculating properties of things. TERMINOLOGY - A property is an observable or measurable aspect of something. Shape is a property. Stress is a property of a point within a body, and a stress distribution is a property of a whole body. The traditional PDM system is concerned only with properties of products, such as may be found on a data sheet. The EACM expands this scope to encompass: properties of activities and states; and variations of property with respect to position and time during an activity, and with respect to position for a state. There are many different approaches to the description of a property variation, used by different disciplines and analysis techniques. EXAMPLE - Consider the input of a pressure distribution and a temperature distribution to a structural analysis, where: the description of the pressure distribution within the body of a fluid has been calculated using CFD, and is described with respect to the structured mesh of the finite difference model; and the description of the thermal distribution within the body of a part has been calculated by a thermal analysis using a different mesh. The relationships between the descriptions of the property distributions are illustrated in  REF _Ref468164743 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 15.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 15: Alternative descriptions of property distributions The description of the pressure distribution over the surface created by the CFD analysis is mapped to the structural mesh, creating a new description. The description of the temperature distribution created by the thermal analysis is also mapped to the structural mesh creating a new description. The source of a property description can be a test as well as an analysis. In this case, a distribution can be obtained by fitting multi-dimensional splines to sets of pressure port or thermo-couple measurements. The role of the EACM is as follows: to specify how the PDM systems stores multiple descriptions of the same property distribution; to specify how the WFM system records the mapping or conversion process between different property descriptions, so that the audit trail back to the original calculation or test is not lost; to define a framework that encompasses all methods of property description, so that all descriptions can be handled by a single set of software tools. The types of property description within scope are: unstructured finite element mesh: a standard form for interpolation over a finite element mesh has already been standardised by STEP AP 209. The standard specifies the location of the control values for each element (e.g. nodes or Gauss points) and nature of the interpolation function within each element (e.g. linear, serendipity or Lagrangian). structured finite element mesh: the CGNS standard for CFD data (developed principally by Boeing and NASA) is being integrated with the EACM, as part of the development of the STEP Fluid dynamics AP sponsored by Boeing. This provides the same capabilities for specifying the interpolation within each element as AP 209, but takes advantage of the structure to hold the data in a compact and easily accessible form. B-spline interpolation: the DTnurbs library for multi-dimensional splines has been developed by the US Navy (David Taylor modelling basin) and Boeing. Mathematical forms within the library are being standardised within STEP part 50. These forms enable property variations over surfaces and within volumes to be described in a mesh independent way. The approach can be used to interpolate between test measurements, and to transfer information between traditional finite element systems and systems that use mesh-less or adaptive meshing approaches. A unified approach to property description A property variation with respect to space and time is described by a mathematical function. The EACM supports a plug-and-play approach to the choice of mathematical function. In order to make sense of the chosen mathematical function, the EACM specifies: what the property is: the property can be stress, pressure, temperature, velocity etc.. The EACM can hold a dictionary of property types appropriate to the discipline. what possesses the property: the property is possessed by a product for a particular state or during a particular activity or transient. This is the link to the PDM world. how the property is distributed: the distribution can be from point to point within a volume, position to position over a surface (where each position corresponds to a normal fibre), or cross-section to cross-section along a beam or duct. The distribution can also be with respect to time within an activity, or with respect to the product (() of position and time. how the property is described: the property is described by numbers with respect to a unit of measure and a coordinate system. The way in which the EACM brings this information together is illustrated in  REF _Ref468174938 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 16.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 16: Definition of a property distribution Parameterisation of products and activities All approaches to the description of property variation within a product rely upon a method for identifying positions within a product. The property variation is then described by a mathematical function over the set of identifiers. TERMINOLOGY - The method for identifying positions is called a parameterisation, and the set of identifiers is called a parametric space. This becomes the domain of the function that describes the property variation. TERMINOLOGY - If the product deforms, then the position is something that is fixed with respect to the topology of the product, rather than geometric space. Hence a position that begins on the surface of the product, remains on the surface as the product deforms. This concept of position is called parametric position. Possible parameterisations for a product include: lumped: the product is divided into pieces, which are numbered 1 to n. The average values for the property in each piece can then be held in a table. This is a discrete function, with the integer interval [1, n] as its domain. CAD geometry parametric space: The definition of the shape of the product may have been created within a CAD system using parametric curves, surfaces and volumes. Hence the shape of the product in its reference state is specified as the variation of geometric position with respect to parametric position. The parameterisation used to describe the shape of the product in its reference state can also be used to describe: the shape of the product in other states; the distribution of properties, such as stress or pressure within the product. EXAMPLE - A CAD system is used to define the shape of a compressor blade in its running state. The shape of the compressor blade in its rest state is then calculated by a run-down analysis. The rest shape can be described with respect to the same parametric space as the running shape. Traditional CAD is concerned with the description of geometry using 3D B-spline functions. This capability is extended by STEP part 50 to the description of any property using n-dimensional B-spline functions. mesh: the product is divided into a structured or unstructured mesh of regions, with continuity defined across faces or edges. Geometric shape, or any other property, can be described by a function over the mesh which is defined by: control point values (at nodes or Gauss points, say); and the element shape functions used for interpolation and extrapolation. Each position with a parameter space for a product can correspond to: a point: this is a view without dimensional reduction; For a whole product, there is a 3D parameter space. For a surface of a product, there is a 2D parameter space. a fibre: this is 2D view of a 3D product; In a shell view of a product, each point within the 2D parameter space corresponds to a fibre running from top surface to bottom surface of the shell. In an axi-symmetric view of a product, each point within the 2D parameter space corresponds to a hoop about the axis. a cross section: this is a 1D view of a 3D product. In a beam view of a product, each point within the 1D parameter space corresponds to a cross section of the beam. There is an analogous approach to fluid flow though a duct, in which each point within the 1D parameter space corresponds to a cross section of the duct. The EACM allows any type of property variation to be described using any type of parameterisation, as shown in  REF _Ref469142224 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 17. In many cases the shape has only a B-spline description created by a CAD system, and the pressure has only a mesh based description created by an analysis system, but this is not necessary. The EACM can store the mapping between different parameterisations in order to relate descriptions that use different parameterisations.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 17: Alternative parameterisations Parameterisation of an activity is concerned with identifying states within the activity. The discussion of parameterisation of an activity is almost identical to the discussion of parameterisation of a product, but with the simplification that activities are 1 dimensional. Hence we have: lumped: the activity is divided into sub-activities, which are numbered 1 to m. The average values for the property in each sub-activity can then be held in a table. This is a discrete function, with the integer interval [1, m] as its domain. simple parametric space: the activity is parameterised by a real interval, such as [0.0, 1.0] where 0.0 identifies the initial state and 1.0 identifies the final state. Any property that varies from state to state can be described by a function with respect to this parameter. Time is regarded as a property of the state, just like any other. mesh: the activity is parameterised by a sequence of real intervals, or one dimensional elements, joined end to end. Time, or any other property, can be described by a function over the elements which is defined by: control point values (at nodes or Gauss points, say); and the element shape functions used for interpolation and extrapolation. A time series with linear interpolation is an example of this type of function. If a property varies with respect to position within a product and state within an activity, then there is a combined parameterisation of both the product and the activity. The EACM allows different types of parameterisation for products and activities to be used together. The delivery of the EACM and its implementation Time scale The underlying technology upon which the EACM is based was developed by ESPRIT project 8894 (GEM) managed by NAFEMS. The development of the interfaces between this technology and Work Flow Management was developed by ESPRIT project 25584 (INTEREST) managed by Rover/BMW. More information about this project can be found on www.dig.bris.ac.uk/interest/. The development is now complete, and the work is concentrating on publishing the information as an ISO standard. This is being carried out by two parallel activities: the merging of the EACM and the PDM modules; This work is being carried out as part of the PDES, Inc. contribution to the STEP modularisation project. The work has been supported by Rolls-Royce as part of its contribution to PDES, Inc.. the publication of the EACM modules as an ISO Committee Draft (CD) for ballot by national standardisation bodies. This work involves completion of the integration of the EACM with other STEP parts, especially part 50 (Mathematical Constructs), and the production of the final document for ballot. This work is being funded by the BSI. The CD document for the EACM is scheduled for completion at the beginning of April 2000. By the end of 2000, it is intended that the ballot comments will have been resolved and a stable document will have been achieved. The EACM will then move rapidly to standardisation as an ISO Technical Specification (TS). Parallel Projects The STEP architecture committee has defined a framework for future developments (see STEP/SC4 Industrial Data Framework developed by Chris Vaughan, which can be found on http://wg10step.aticorp.org/Deliverables/Framework/SSID). The PDM and EACM modules form the data backbone described in the framework. Four groups met together at the ISO STEP meeting in New Orleans to discuss the common use of key modules, as shown in  REF _Ref468176798 \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 18.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 18: EACM and parallel developments The Systems Engineering group involves Lockheed-Martin, NASA, Aerospatial and BAe, and is concerned with the sharing of the information involved in system requirements definition and in conceptual design. The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) group is concerned with the maintenance of products in the field. Participants include US DoD, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, UK MoD, BAe, RR, Saab and PTC. The Process Plant group has developed a model similar to the EACM for the sharing of information about system topology and system decomposition in complex plants such as off-shore production platforms and oil refineries. Key participants in this group are Shell Petroleum, BP, Fluor Daniel and the POSC/CAESAR consortium which includes Saga Petroleum, Statoil and DNV. The process industry model has been implemented by vendors of engineering data warehouse systems, including Oracle, Prism Technologies and Sherpa. The model is in day to day use, and is being specified as a required technology in contracts. Uptake of the EACM The modules of the EACM span a range of capabilities. The PDM and WFM capabilities will be implemented by PDM system vendors such as PTC (Windchill), SDRC (Metaphase) and Dassault/Enovia, and by vendors of engineering data warehouse systems, such as Oracle, Prism Technologies and Sherpa. In parallel, the vendors of engineering analysis systems will provide interfaces to the EACM formats for the description of properties that vary from position to position within a product, and from time to time within an activity or transient. MSC (MacNeil-Schwendler Corporation) have also shown considerable interest in the EACM, and Ed Stanton of MSC was a sponsor of the proposal that ISO adopt the EACM as a New Work Item. MSC are particularly interested in the ability of the EACM to hold materials information, and in its relationship to their M/Vision product. There are two stages in the implementation of the EACM: the PDES, Inc. AP 209 pilot: This will lead to STEP interfaces to PATRAN, FEMAP and possibly CATIA-ELFINI and ProMesh. This stage enables the routine exchange of finite element data between analysis systems. It is the first stage in an implementation of the EACM because it gets finite element analysis data out of the control of the analysis system and into a neutral format; and it provides the initial link between finite element analysis data and the part that is analysed. a follow on EACM pilot: This will integrate engineering analysis and design data within a PDM system. The technical basis for an EACM pilot will be in place by the end of 2000. At this stage, the PDM system vendors can be invited to participate alongside the analysis system vendors. A. Glossary This document, and the STEP world as a whole, uses some English words with a precise meaning which may not be obvious. Words with a precise STEP meaning include the following: activity: this is something that happens during a period of time. There are two types of activity of interest: a physical activity that happens to a product: this includes: a manufacturing operation carried out on a product; a test carried out on a product; a usage of a product in service; and a maintenance or disposal activity for a product; a design or analysis activity: this is an activity carried out on paper, and includes: a specification of a requirement for a product; a design or analysis of a product; a specification of a manufacturing, test, usage, maintenance or disposal activity. In this document, a design or activity carried out on paper is called a process. product: this is an identified quantity of space or a distribution of matter through space. The inclusion of space as well as matter in the definition of product seems curious, but we can design the shape of a space within an engine and make predictions about possible flow fields within it, without making any statement about the matter that encloses the space. property: this is an observable or measurable aspect of a product, activity or state. A property of a product is something that a product has throughout its life. EXAMPLE - The product widget type XYZ has the property 6 bolt holes. (If we need to recognise that a seventh bolt hole might be drilled, then this is a property of the state - see below.) A property of an activity is something that an activity has as a whole. EXAMPLE - The activity widget type XYZ start up has the property 10 seconds duration. EXAMPLE - The activity widget type XYZ start up has the property 10 kJ of energy input. A property of a state is something that a product has when in the state. EXAMPLE - The state op/2 for part type ABC has the property 410 degrees Celsius, and the property 10 MW power output. The design shape for a compressor blade during operation is a property of the blades operating state. A rundown analysis calculates the shape of the blades rest state. state: this is an aspect of a product at an instant in time. An activity causes (or is) a transition of a product from one state to another. In the continuous state view of the world used in most engineering analysis, an activity has an initial state, a final state and a sequence of intermediate states. A property can change during an activity, so that each state has a different property. 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